Back to Biomarkers
Homocysteine details
What Homocysteine shows
Homocysteine is an amino acid produced as a normal byproduct of protein metabolism, and your body typically recycles it efficiently with the help of B vitamins — B12, folate, and B6 in particular. Elevated homocysteine most often reflects a deficiency in one or more of these B vitamins, and it's also studied as an independent marker associated with increased cardiovascular disease and blood clot risk, though whether directly lowering homocysteine (via supplementation) actually reduces cardiovascular events is still debated in the research. It's sometimes checked alongside B12, folate, and B6 when a deficiency or elevated cardiovascular risk is being investigated.
Tests that include Homocysteine
This test measures the level of homocysteine in the blood. It can be used to screen patients who may be at risk for heart disease and stroke.
Biomarkers
- Homocysteine An amino acid byproduct of protein metabolism. Elevated levels are linked to increased cardiovascular risk and can reflect low B vitamin (B12, folate, B6) status.
This test measures the level of homocysteine in your blood, which is important because high levels can increase your risk for heart disease. It's often used together with a methylmalonic acid (MMA) test to check for vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and folic acid deficiencies. These deficiencies can lead to anemia and are also checked when someone has macrocytosis, a condition where red blood cells are larger than normal.
Biomarkers
- Homocysteine An amino acid byproduct of protein metabolism. Elevated levels are linked to increased cardiovascular risk and can reflect low B vitamin (B12, folate, B6) status.
This comprehensive panel assesses biomarkers related to hormonal health, thyroid function, metabolism, cardiovascular health, inflammation, nutrient status, and environmental exposures. The results can help provide a broader picture of overall health and support personalized wellness and treatment strategies.
Biomarkers
- Lipoprotein(a) A genetically-determined, LDL-like particle. Elevated levels are an independent, largely inherited risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
- Iron, Total Measures the iron circulating in your blood, used along with other markers (like ferritin and TIBC) to evaluate for iron deficiency or overload.
- Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity Unsaturated Iron-Binding Capacity — reflects how much additional iron your blood's transferrin could still carry, used with iron and TIBC to assess iron status.
- Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) Total Iron-Binding Capacity — reflects how much transferrin (the iron-carrying protein) is available in your blood, used with iron and ferritin to evaluate iron status.
- Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) A protein that binds and transports testosterone and estrogen in your blood, determining how much hormone is 'free' and active. Important for interpreting sex hormone results.
- LP-IR Score Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Score — a composite score derived from lipoprotein particle measurements that estimates insulin resistance.
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) A pituitary hormone that drives egg development in women and sperm production in men. Key marker for fertility and menopause evaluation.
- T3, Free (fT3) The unbound, biologically active portion of triiodothyronine (T3), the more potent thyroid hormone. Used to evaluate thyroid function.
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH) A pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation in women and stimulates testosterone production in men. Used to evaluate fertility, menstrual irregularities, and reproductive hormone disorders.
- Antinuclear Antibodies Antibodies that target structures inside your own cells' nuclei. A positive result is a key screening marker for autoimmune conditions like lupus.
- Free Testosterone The small portion of your testosterone that's unbound and biologically active, considered a more accurate reflection of usable hormone than total testosterone.
- HDL Particle Number (HDL-P) HDL particle number — counts your actual HDL ('good' cholesterol) particles rather than just the cholesterol they carry, offering a more detailed cardiovascular risk picture.
- Amylase An enzyme that helps digest carbohydrates, produced mainly by the pancreas and salivary glands. Elevated levels can signal pancreatitis or salivary gland problems.
- Cortisol, Total Your main stress hormone, produced by the adrenal glands. Reflects adrenal function and helps evaluate conditions like Cushing's syndrome or adrenal insufficiency.
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) A pituitary hormone that signals your thyroid to produce hormone. The primary screening test for both underactive and overactive thyroid conditions.
- Mercury Measures mercury levels in your blood, used to assess exposure to this toxic heavy metal, often from certain fish or environmental sources.
- Vitamin D, 25-OH, Total The combined measure of both major forms of vitamin D (D2 and D3) in your blood — the standard test used to assess overall vitamin D status.
- Magnesium Measures magnesium, a mineral essential for muscle, nerve, heart, and bone function.
- Testosterone The primary male sex hormone, also present in women in smaller amounts. Evaluated for low testosterone symptoms, fertility, and reproductive hormone imbalances.
- Ferritin Reflects your body's stored iron levels. Low levels point to iron deficiency; high levels can indicate iron overload or, since it's also an inflammation marker, other conditions.
- HDL Large The concentration of large HDL particles in your blood, measured as part of an advanced lipid panel to add detail on cardiovascular risk.
- C-Reactive Protein, High Sensitivity (hs-CRP) A sensitive marker of low-grade inflammation in the body, commonly used to help assess cardiovascular disease risk.
- LDL Particle Number LDL particle number — counts your actual LDL ('bad' cholesterol) particles rather than just the cholesterol they carry, often a stronger cardiovascular risk indicator than standard LDL cholesterol.
- Large VLDL-P Counts the largest VLDL particles, which carry a high amount of triglycerides and are associated with greater cardiovascular risk.
- Thyroglobulin Antibodies (Anti-Tg) An autoantibody against thyroglobulin. Elevated levels are associated with autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and checked before using thyroglobulin to monitor thyroid cancer.
- Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Gamma-glutamyl transferase, a liver enzyme sensitive to bile duct problems and alcohol use, often used alongside other liver tests.
- VLDL Size Measures the average size of your VLDL particles, used alongside particle number for a more detailed cardiovascular risk assessment.
- LDL Size Measures the average size of your LDL ('bad' cholesterol) particles; smaller, denser particles are considered more likely to contribute to artery plaque.
- Methylmalonic Acid A compound that builds up when vitamin B12 is deficient. A more sensitive marker of B12 status than a B12 blood level alone.
- Rh Type Identifies whether your blood is Rh-positive or Rh-negative, an important factor for blood transfusions and pregnancy management.
- Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (Anti-TPO) An autoantibody that's the most common marker of autoimmune thyroid disease, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease.
- Estradiol The main and most potent form of estrogen. Key for reproductive health in women and also present in men; used to evaluate menstrual, fertility, and hormone-related concerns.
- Homocysteine An amino acid byproduct of protein metabolism. Elevated levels are linked to increased cardiovascular risk and can reflect low B vitamin (B12, folate, B6) status.
- ABO Group Identifies your blood type (A, B, AB, or O) based on antigens on your red blood cells. Essential for safely matching blood for transfusions or transplants.
- T4, Free (fT4) The unbound, biologically active portion of thyroxine (T4), your main thyroid hormone. A core marker for evaluating thyroid function.
- Uric Acid A waste product from the breakdown of purines. Elevated levels are linked to gout and kidney stones, and can also reflect metabolic health.
- HDL Size Measures the average size of your HDL ('good' cholesterol) particles, used alongside particle number for a more detailed cardiovascular risk assessment.
- Leptin A hormone released by fat cells that helps regulate appetite and energy balance. Levels generally rise with increased body fat.
- Albumin The main protein made by your liver, which helps balance fluids and carries hormones, vitamins, and medications through your blood. Low levels can point to liver, kidney, or nutrition issues.
- Lipase An enzyme that helps digest fat, produced mainly by the pancreas. Elevated levels are a key marker for pancreatitis.
- Zinc Measures zinc, a trace mineral essential for immune function, wound healing, and taste/smell.
- Iron % Saturation The percentage of transferrin (your iron-carrying protein) that's currently occupied by iron — a key marker for detecting iron deficiency or overload.
- Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S) The sulfated, more stable form of DHEA. A reliable marker of adrenal androgen production, used to evaluate adrenal function and androgen excess.
- Apolipoprotein B The main protein found on LDL and other 'bad' cholesterol particles. Considered a strong indicator of cardiovascular risk, since each particle carries one ApoB molecule.
- LDL Small Measures small, dense LDL particles, a lipid subfraction associated with higher cardiovascular risk and insulin resistance.
- Prolactin A pituitary hormone best known for stimulating milk production; also checked to evaluate menstrual irregularities, fertility issues, or pituitary conditions in men and women.
- Rheumatoid Factor Measures rheumatoid factor, an autoantibody often found in rheumatoid arthritis, used with other tests to help evaluate joint pain and inflammation.
- Lead (Venous) Measures lead levels in your blood, used to assess exposure to this toxic heavy metal.
This comprehensive panel assesses biomarkers related to hormonal health, thyroid function, metabolism, cardiovascular health, inflammation, nutrient status, and environmental exposures. The results can help provide a broader picture of overall health and support personalized wellness and treatment strategies.
Biomarkers
- HDL Particle Number (HDL-P) HDL particle number — counts your actual HDL ('good' cholesterol) particles rather than just the cholesterol they carry, offering a more detailed cardiovascular risk picture.
- LDL Small Measures small, dense LDL particles, a lipid subfraction associated with higher cardiovascular risk and insulin resistance.
- Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S) The sulfated, more stable form of DHEA. A reliable marker of adrenal androgen production, used to evaluate adrenal function and androgen excess.
- ABO Group Identifies your blood type (A, B, AB, or O) based on antigens on your red blood cells. Essential for safely matching blood for transfusions or transplants.
- VLDL Size Measures the average size of your VLDL particles, used alongside particle number for a more detailed cardiovascular risk assessment.
- Thyroglobulin Antibodies (Anti-Tg) An autoantibody against thyroglobulin. Elevated levels are associated with autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and checked before using thyroglobulin to monitor thyroid cancer.
- LDL Particle Number LDL particle number — counts your actual LDL ('bad' cholesterol) particles rather than just the cholesterol they carry, often a stronger cardiovascular risk indicator than standard LDL cholesterol.
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) A protein made by the prostate gland. Used to help screen for and monitor prostate cancer, though it can also rise with benign prostate conditions.
- Uric Acid A waste product from the breakdown of purines. Elevated levels are linked to gout and kidney stones, and can also reflect metabolic health.
- Large VLDL-P Counts the largest VLDL particles, which carry a high amount of triglycerides and are associated with greater cardiovascular risk.
- Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) Total Iron-Binding Capacity — reflects how much transferrin (the iron-carrying protein) is available in your blood, used with iron and ferritin to evaluate iron status.
- Magnesium Measures magnesium, a mineral essential for muscle, nerve, heart, and bone function.
- Albumin The main protein made by your liver, which helps balance fluids and carries hormones, vitamins, and medications through your blood. Low levels can point to liver, kidney, or nutrition issues.
- LP-IR Score Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Score — a composite score derived from lipoprotein particle measurements that estimates insulin resistance.
- HDL Size Measures the average size of your HDL ('good' cholesterol) particles, used alongside particle number for a more detailed cardiovascular risk assessment.
- Testosterone The primary male sex hormone, also present in women in smaller amounts. Evaluated for low testosterone symptoms, fertility, and reproductive hormone imbalances.
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) A pituitary hormone that signals your thyroid to produce hormone. The primary screening test for both underactive and overactive thyroid conditions.
- Amylase An enzyme that helps digest carbohydrates, produced mainly by the pancreas and salivary glands. Elevated levels can signal pancreatitis or salivary gland problems.
- Zinc Measures zinc, a trace mineral essential for immune function, wound healing, and taste/smell.
- Lipase An enzyme that helps digest fat, produced mainly by the pancreas. Elevated levels are a key marker for pancreatitis.
- T4, Free (fT4) The unbound, biologically active portion of thyroxine (T4), your main thyroid hormone. A core marker for evaluating thyroid function.
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), % Free The percentage of your PSA that's unbound to blood proteins. A lower percentage raises suspicion for prostate cancer, helping refine an elevated total PSA result.
- Free Testosterone The small portion of your testosterone that's unbound and biologically active, considered a more accurate reflection of usable hormone than total testosterone.
- Vitamin D, 25-OH, Total The combined measure of both major forms of vitamin D (D2 and D3) in your blood — the standard test used to assess overall vitamin D status.
- Apolipoprotein B The main protein found on LDL and other 'bad' cholesterol particles. Considered a strong indicator of cardiovascular risk, since each particle carries one ApoB molecule.
- LDL Size Measures the average size of your LDL ('bad' cholesterol) particles; smaller, denser particles are considered more likely to contribute to artery plaque.
- Homocysteine An amino acid byproduct of protein metabolism. Elevated levels are linked to increased cardiovascular risk and can reflect low B vitamin (B12, folate, B6) status.
- Antinuclear Antibodies Antibodies that target structures inside your own cells' nuclei. A positive result is a key screening marker for autoimmune conditions like lupus.
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH) A pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation in women and stimulates testosterone production in men. Used to evaluate fertility, menstrual irregularities, and reproductive hormone disorders.
- HDL Large The concentration of large HDL particles in your blood, measured as part of an advanced lipid panel to add detail on cardiovascular risk.
- Methylmalonic Acid A compound that builds up when vitamin B12 is deficient. A more sensitive marker of B12 status than a B12 blood level alone.
- Mercury Measures mercury levels in your blood, used to assess exposure to this toxic heavy metal, often from certain fish or environmental sources.
- Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (Anti-TPO) An autoantibody that's the most common marker of autoimmune thyroid disease, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease.
- Rh Type Identifies whether your blood is Rh-positive or Rh-negative, an important factor for blood transfusions and pregnancy management.
- Cortisol, Total Your main stress hormone, produced by the adrenal glands. Reflects adrenal function and helps evaluate conditions like Cushing's syndrome or adrenal insufficiency.
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) A pituitary hormone that drives egg development in women and sperm production in men. Key marker for fertility and menopause evaluation.
- Iron, Total Measures the iron circulating in your blood, used along with other markers (like ferritin and TIBC) to evaluate for iron deficiency or overload.
- Estradiol The main and most potent form of estrogen. Key for reproductive health in women and also present in men; used to evaluate menstrual, fertility, and hormone-related concerns.
- Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Gamma-glutamyl transferase, a liver enzyme sensitive to bile duct problems and alcohol use, often used alongside other liver tests.
- Leptin A hormone released by fat cells that helps regulate appetite and energy balance. Levels generally rise with increased body fat.
- Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) A protein that binds and transports testosterone and estrogen in your blood, determining how much hormone is 'free' and active. Important for interpreting sex hormone results.
- Lipoprotein(a) A genetically-determined, LDL-like particle. Elevated levels are an independent, largely inherited risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
- Prolactin A pituitary hormone best known for stimulating milk production; also checked to evaluate menstrual irregularities, fertility issues, or pituitary conditions in men and women.
- Lead (Venous) Measures lead levels in your blood, used to assess exposure to this toxic heavy metal.
- Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity Unsaturated Iron-Binding Capacity — reflects how much additional iron your blood's transferrin could still carry, used with iron and TIBC to assess iron status.
- Ferritin Reflects your body's stored iron levels. Low levels point to iron deficiency; high levels can indicate iron overload or, since it's also an inflammation marker, other conditions.
- T3, Free (fT3) The unbound, biologically active portion of triiodothyronine (T3), the more potent thyroid hormone. Used to evaluate thyroid function.
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), Free The unbound portion of prostate-specific antigen. Used alongside total PSA to help assess prostate cancer risk, especially when total PSA is borderline.
- Rheumatoid Factor Measures rheumatoid factor, an autoantibody often found in rheumatoid arthritis, used with other tests to help evaluate joint pain and inflammation.
- C-Reactive Protein, High Sensitivity (hs-CRP) A sensitive marker of low-grade inflammation in the body, commonly used to help assess cardiovascular disease risk.
- Iron % Saturation The percentage of transferrin (your iron-carrying protein) that's currently occupied by iron — a key marker for detecting iron deficiency or overload.
This comprehensive panel assesses biomarkers related to hormonal health, thyroid function, metabolism, cardiovascular health, inflammation, nutrient status, and environmental exposures. The results can help provide a broader picture of overall health and support personalized wellness and treatment strategies.
Biomarkers
- HDL Large The concentration of large HDL particles in your blood, measured as part of an advanced lipid panel to add detail on cardiovascular risk.
- Lipase An enzyme that helps digest fat, produced mainly by the pancreas. Elevated levels are a key marker for pancreatitis.
- Antinuclear Antibodies Antibodies that target structures inside your own cells' nuclei. A positive result is a key screening marker for autoimmune conditions like lupus.
- T3, Free (fT3) The unbound, biologically active portion of triiodothyronine (T3), the more potent thyroid hormone. Used to evaluate thyroid function.
- Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (Anti-TPO) An autoantibody that's the most common marker of autoimmune thyroid disease, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease.
- T4, Free (fT4) The unbound, biologically active portion of thyroxine (T4), your main thyroid hormone. A core marker for evaluating thyroid function.
- Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) A protein that binds and transports testosterone and estrogen in your blood, determining how much hormone is 'free' and active. Important for interpreting sex hormone results.
- HDL Particle Number (HDL-P) HDL particle number — counts your actual HDL ('good' cholesterol) particles rather than just the cholesterol they carry, offering a more detailed cardiovascular risk picture.
- Cortisol, Total Your main stress hormone, produced by the adrenal glands. Reflects adrenal function and helps evaluate conditions like Cushing's syndrome or adrenal insufficiency.
- Thyroglobulin Antibodies (Anti-Tg) An autoantibody against thyroglobulin. Elevated levels are associated with autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and checked before using thyroglobulin to monitor thyroid cancer.
- HDL Size Measures the average size of your HDL ('good' cholesterol) particles, used alongside particle number for a more detailed cardiovascular risk assessment.
- Lipoprotein(a) A genetically-determined, LDL-like particle. Elevated levels are an independent, largely inherited risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
- Apolipoprotein B The main protein found on LDL and other 'bad' cholesterol particles. Considered a strong indicator of cardiovascular risk, since each particle carries one ApoB molecule.
- Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) A hormone produced by developing egg follicles that reflects ovarian reserve — an estimate of how many eggs remain. Commonly used in fertility evaluations.
- LP-IR Score Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Score — a composite score derived from lipoprotein particle measurements that estimates insulin resistance.
- Lead (Venous) Measures lead levels in your blood, used to assess exposure to this toxic heavy metal.
- Large VLDL-P Counts the largest VLDL particles, which carry a high amount of triglycerides and are associated with greater cardiovascular risk.
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH) A pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation in women and stimulates testosterone production in men. Used to evaluate fertility, menstrual irregularities, and reproductive hormone disorders.
- Methylmalonic Acid A compound that builds up when vitamin B12 is deficient. A more sensitive marker of B12 status than a B12 blood level alone.
- Testosterone The primary male sex hormone, also present in women in smaller amounts. Evaluated for low testosterone symptoms, fertility, and reproductive hormone imbalances.
- LDL Size Measures the average size of your LDL ('bad' cholesterol) particles; smaller, denser particles are considered more likely to contribute to artery plaque.
- ABO Group Identifies your blood type (A, B, AB, or O) based on antigens on your red blood cells. Essential for safely matching blood for transfusions or transplants.
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) A pituitary hormone that signals your thyroid to produce hormone. The primary screening test for both underactive and overactive thyroid conditions.
- Zinc Measures zinc, a trace mineral essential for immune function, wound healing, and taste/smell.
- Magnesium Measures magnesium, a mineral essential for muscle, nerve, heart, and bone function.
- Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Gamma-glutamyl transferase, a liver enzyme sensitive to bile duct problems and alcohol use, often used alongside other liver tests.
- Albumin The main protein made by your liver, which helps balance fluids and carries hormones, vitamins, and medications through your blood. Low levels can point to liver, kidney, or nutrition issues.
- LDL Particle Number LDL particle number — counts your actual LDL ('bad' cholesterol) particles rather than just the cholesterol they carry, often a stronger cardiovascular risk indicator than standard LDL cholesterol.
- Leptin A hormone released by fat cells that helps regulate appetite and energy balance. Levels generally rise with increased body fat.
- VLDL Size Measures the average size of your VLDL particles, used alongside particle number for a more detailed cardiovascular risk assessment.
- Vitamin D, 25-OH, Total The combined measure of both major forms of vitamin D (D2 and D3) in your blood — the standard test used to assess overall vitamin D status.
- Prolactin A pituitary hormone best known for stimulating milk production; also checked to evaluate menstrual irregularities, fertility issues, or pituitary conditions in men and women.
- Amylase An enzyme that helps digest carbohydrates, produced mainly by the pancreas and salivary glands. Elevated levels can signal pancreatitis or salivary gland problems.
- C-Reactive Protein, High Sensitivity (hs-CRP) A sensitive marker of low-grade inflammation in the body, commonly used to help assess cardiovascular disease risk.
- Rheumatoid Factor Measures rheumatoid factor, an autoantibody often found in rheumatoid arthritis, used with other tests to help evaluate joint pain and inflammation.
- Uric Acid A waste product from the breakdown of purines. Elevated levels are linked to gout and kidney stones, and can also reflect metabolic health.
- Free Testosterone The small portion of your testosterone that's unbound and biologically active, considered a more accurate reflection of usable hormone than total testosterone.
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) A pituitary hormone that drives egg development in women and sperm production in men. Key marker for fertility and menopause evaluation.
- Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) Total Iron-Binding Capacity — reflects how much transferrin (the iron-carrying protein) is available in your blood, used with iron and ferritin to evaluate iron status.
- Rh Type Identifies whether your blood is Rh-positive or Rh-negative, an important factor for blood transfusions and pregnancy management.
- Iron % Saturation The percentage of transferrin (your iron-carrying protein) that's currently occupied by iron — a key marker for detecting iron deficiency or overload.
- Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S) The sulfated, more stable form of DHEA. A reliable marker of adrenal androgen production, used to evaluate adrenal function and androgen excess.
- Ferritin Reflects your body's stored iron levels. Low levels point to iron deficiency; high levels can indicate iron overload or, since it's also an inflammation marker, other conditions.
- LDL Small Measures small, dense LDL particles, a lipid subfraction associated with higher cardiovascular risk and insulin resistance.
- Iron, Total Measures the iron circulating in your blood, used along with other markers (like ferritin and TIBC) to evaluate for iron deficiency or overload.
- Homocysteine An amino acid byproduct of protein metabolism. Elevated levels are linked to increased cardiovascular risk and can reflect low B vitamin (B12, folate, B6) status.
- Estradiol The main and most potent form of estrogen. Key for reproductive health in women and also present in men; used to evaluate menstrual, fertility, and hormone-related concerns.
- Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity Unsaturated Iron-Binding Capacity — reflects how much additional iron your blood's transferrin could still carry, used with iron and TIBC to assess iron status.
- Mercury Measures mercury levels in your blood, used to assess exposure to this toxic heavy metal, often from certain fish or environmental sources.
This comprehensive panel assesses biomarkers related to hormonal health, thyroid function, metabolism, cardiovascular health, inflammation, nutrient status, and environmental exposures. The results can help provide a broader picture of overall health and support personalized wellness and treatment strategies.
Biomarkers
- Iron % Saturation The percentage of transferrin (your iron-carrying protein) that's currently occupied by iron — a key marker for detecting iron deficiency or overload.
- Lead (Venous) Measures lead levels in your blood, used to assess exposure to this toxic heavy metal.
- Mercury Measures mercury levels in your blood, used to assess exposure to this toxic heavy metal, often from certain fish or environmental sources.
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), Free The unbound portion of prostate-specific antigen. Used alongside total PSA to help assess prostate cancer risk, especially when total PSA is borderline.
- HDL Size Measures the average size of your HDL ('good' cholesterol) particles, used alongside particle number for a more detailed cardiovascular risk assessment.
- Ferritin Reflects your body's stored iron levels. Low levels point to iron deficiency; high levels can indicate iron overload or, since it's also an inflammation marker, other conditions.
- HDL Particle Number (HDL-P) HDL particle number — counts your actual HDL ('good' cholesterol) particles rather than just the cholesterol they carry, offering a more detailed cardiovascular risk picture.
- VLDL Size Measures the average size of your VLDL particles, used alongside particle number for a more detailed cardiovascular risk assessment.
- Lipoprotein(a) A genetically-determined, LDL-like particle. Elevated levels are an independent, largely inherited risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
- LDL Particle Number LDL particle number — counts your actual LDL ('bad' cholesterol) particles rather than just the cholesterol they carry, often a stronger cardiovascular risk indicator than standard LDL cholesterol.
- Apolipoprotein B The main protein found on LDL and other 'bad' cholesterol particles. Considered a strong indicator of cardiovascular risk, since each particle carries one ApoB molecule.
- Methylmalonic Acid A compound that builds up when vitamin B12 is deficient. A more sensitive marker of B12 status than a B12 blood level alone.
- Estradiol The main and most potent form of estrogen. Key for reproductive health in women and also present in men; used to evaluate menstrual, fertility, and hormone-related concerns.
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) A pituitary hormone that signals your thyroid to produce hormone. The primary screening test for both underactive and overactive thyroid conditions.
- Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S) The sulfated, more stable form of DHEA. A reliable marker of adrenal androgen production, used to evaluate adrenal function and androgen excess.
- Rheumatoid Factor Measures rheumatoid factor, an autoantibody often found in rheumatoid arthritis, used with other tests to help evaluate joint pain and inflammation.
- Rh Type Identifies whether your blood is Rh-positive or Rh-negative, an important factor for blood transfusions and pregnancy management.
- Cortisol, Total Your main stress hormone, produced by the adrenal glands. Reflects adrenal function and helps evaluate conditions like Cushing's syndrome or adrenal insufficiency.
- T4, Free (fT4) The unbound, biologically active portion of thyroxine (T4), your main thyroid hormone. A core marker for evaluating thyroid function.
- Leptin A hormone released by fat cells that helps regulate appetite and energy balance. Levels generally rise with increased body fat.
- Uric Acid A waste product from the breakdown of purines. Elevated levels are linked to gout and kidney stones, and can also reflect metabolic health.
- Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) Total Iron-Binding Capacity — reflects how much transferrin (the iron-carrying protein) is available in your blood, used with iron and ferritin to evaluate iron status.
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), % Free The percentage of your PSA that's unbound to blood proteins. A lower percentage raises suspicion for prostate cancer, helping refine an elevated total PSA result.
- LP-IR Score Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Score — a composite score derived from lipoprotein particle measurements that estimates insulin resistance.
- Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) A protein that binds and transports testosterone and estrogen in your blood, determining how much hormone is 'free' and active. Important for interpreting sex hormone results.
- Prolactin A pituitary hormone best known for stimulating milk production; also checked to evaluate menstrual irregularities, fertility issues, or pituitary conditions in men and women.
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH) A pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation in women and stimulates testosterone production in men. Used to evaluate fertility, menstrual irregularities, and reproductive hormone disorders.
- Large VLDL-P Counts the largest VLDL particles, which carry a high amount of triglycerides and are associated with greater cardiovascular risk.
- HDL Large The concentration of large HDL particles in your blood, measured as part of an advanced lipid panel to add detail on cardiovascular risk.
- Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) A hormone produced by developing egg follicles that reflects ovarian reserve — an estimate of how many eggs remain. Commonly used in fertility evaluations.
- Free Testosterone The small portion of your testosterone that's unbound and biologically active, considered a more accurate reflection of usable hormone than total testosterone.
- Magnesium Measures magnesium, a mineral essential for muscle, nerve, heart, and bone function.
- Homocysteine An amino acid byproduct of protein metabolism. Elevated levels are linked to increased cardiovascular risk and can reflect low B vitamin (B12, folate, B6) status.
- Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity Unsaturated Iron-Binding Capacity — reflects how much additional iron your blood's transferrin could still carry, used with iron and TIBC to assess iron status.
- C-Reactive Protein, High Sensitivity (hs-CRP) A sensitive marker of low-grade inflammation in the body, commonly used to help assess cardiovascular disease risk.
- Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Gamma-glutamyl transferase, a liver enzyme sensitive to bile duct problems and alcohol use, often used alongside other liver tests.
- T3, Free (fT3) The unbound, biologically active portion of triiodothyronine (T3), the more potent thyroid hormone. Used to evaluate thyroid function.
- Lipase An enzyme that helps digest fat, produced mainly by the pancreas. Elevated levels are a key marker for pancreatitis.
- Iron, Total Measures the iron circulating in your blood, used along with other markers (like ferritin and TIBC) to evaluate for iron deficiency or overload.
- Vitamin D, 25-OH, Total The combined measure of both major forms of vitamin D (D2 and D3) in your blood — the standard test used to assess overall vitamin D status.
- Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (Anti-TPO) An autoantibody that's the most common marker of autoimmune thyroid disease, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease.
- Antinuclear Antibodies Antibodies that target structures inside your own cells' nuclei. A positive result is a key screening marker for autoimmune conditions like lupus.
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) A protein made by the prostate gland. Used to help screen for and monitor prostate cancer, though it can also rise with benign prostate conditions.
- LDL Small Measures small, dense LDL particles, a lipid subfraction associated with higher cardiovascular risk and insulin resistance.
- Testosterone The primary male sex hormone, also present in women in smaller amounts. Evaluated for low testosterone symptoms, fertility, and reproductive hormone imbalances.
- Zinc Measures zinc, a trace mineral essential for immune function, wound healing, and taste/smell.
- ABO Group Identifies your blood type (A, B, AB, or O) based on antigens on your red blood cells. Essential for safely matching blood for transfusions or transplants.
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) A pituitary hormone that drives egg development in women and sperm production in men. Key marker for fertility and menopause evaluation.
- Amylase An enzyme that helps digest carbohydrates, produced mainly by the pancreas and salivary glands. Elevated levels can signal pancreatitis or salivary gland problems.
- LDL Size Measures the average size of your LDL ('bad' cholesterol) particles; smaller, denser particles are considered more likely to contribute to artery plaque.
- Albumin The main protein made by your liver, which helps balance fluids and carries hormones, vitamins, and medications through your blood. Low levels can point to liver, kidney, or nutrition issues.
- Thyroglobulin Antibodies (Anti-Tg) An autoantibody against thyroglobulin. Elevated levels are associated with autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and checked before using thyroglobulin to monitor thyroid cancer.
The Thrombotic Risk Assessment assesses an individual's risk for developing a thrombotic event, such as a stroke or heart attack, by measuring factors affecting blood clotting.
Biomarkers
- Beta-2-Glycoprotein I Antibody (IgA) Measures IgA antibodies against beta-2-glycoprotein I, one of the antiphospholipid antibodies, used to evaluate antiphospholipid syndrome and causes of blood clots.
- Factor II (F2) DNA Analysis A genetic test for the prothrombin (Factor II) G20210A variant, an inherited change in the F2 gene that can raise the tendency to form blood clots.
- Protein S Antigen, Free The unbound, biologically active portion of Protein S, a natural anticoagulant. Low levels raise the risk of blood clots.
- Homocysteine An amino acid byproduct of protein metabolism. Elevated levels are linked to increased cardiovascular risk and can reflect low B vitamin (B12, folate, B6) status.
- Activated Protein C Resistance Checks whether your blood resists the natural anticlotting action of activated protein C, most often caused by the inherited factor V Leiden variant.
- Beta-2-Glycoprotein I Antibody (IgG) Measures IgG antibodies against beta-2-glycoprotein I, one of the antiphospholipid antibodies, used to evaluate antiphospholipid syndrome and causes of blood clots.
- Cardiolipin Antibody (IgM) An antibody that attacks the body's own phospholipids (IgM type). One of the markers used to help diagnose antiphospholipid syndrome, which raises the risk of blood clots and pregnancy complications.
- Antithrombin III Activity Measures the activity of a protein that naturally helps prevent excessive blood clotting. Low levels are linked to an increased risk of blood clots.
- Lupus Anticoagulant Detects lupus anticoagulant, an antiphospholipid antibody that prolongs clotting tests in the lab but is linked to an increased risk of blood clots.
- PTT-LA Screen A clotting-time screen sensitive to lupus anticoagulant, an antibody linked to blood clots, used as a first step in antiphospholipid testing.
- Dilute Russell's Viper Venom Time (DRVVT) Screen A clotting test that helps screen for lupus anticoagulant, an antibody linked with a higher risk of blood clots and some pregnancy complications.
- Plasminogen Measures the activity of plasminogen, the protein that becomes plasmin to break down blood clots, used when assessing clotting and bleeding risk.
- Cardiolipin Antibody (IgA) An antibody that attacks the body's own phospholipids (IgA type). One of the markers used to help diagnose antiphospholipid syndrome, which raises the risk of blood clots and pregnancy complications.
- Cardiolipin Antibody (IgG) An antibody that attacks the body's own phospholipids (IgG type). One of the markers used to help diagnose antiphospholipid syndrome, which raises the risk of blood clots and pregnancy complications.
- Protein C Activity Measures the activity of Protein C, a natural anticoagulant. Low activity is linked to an increased risk of blood clots.
- Beta-2-Glycoprotein I Antibody (IgM) Measures IgM antibodies against beta-2-glycoprotein I, one of the antiphospholipid antibodies, used to evaluate antiphospholipid syndrome and causes of blood clots.
ConsultationsConsultation
Not sure how to read your results? We can help.
Schedule a consultation with a Hormunity specialist. We’ll walk through every marker, interpret what it means for you, and map out the next steps for your care.
Book a specialist