Biomarkers: explore one system at a time

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• Immunofixation A serum test that identifies the type of an abnormal monoclonal antibody protein, used to help evaluate conditions such as MGUS and multiple myeloma.
• Immunoglobulin A (IgA) One of your main antibody classes, concentrated in mucous membranes (gut, respiratory tract). Low levels are linked to recurrent infections; also checked before certain other antibody tests, like celiac panels.
• Immunoglobulin E (IgE) The antibody class involved in allergic reactions and parasite defense. Elevated total levels support an allergic or parasitic process, though a specific allergen test is needed to pinpoint the cause.
• Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Your most abundant antibody class, providing long-term immune memory against past infections. Low levels can point to an immune deficiency.
• Immunoglobulin G Subclass 1 Measures IgG1, the most abundant of the four IgG antibody subclasses, to help evaluate immune function in people with frequent or unusual infections.
• Immunoglobulin G Subclass 2 Measures IgG2, the IgG antibody subclass important for fighting bacteria with sugar coatings, to help evaluate immune function in people with recurrent infections.
• Immunoglobulin G Subclass 3 Measures IgG3, an IgG antibody subclass that is especially active against viruses and in activating the immune system, to help evaluate recurrent infections.
• Immunoglobulin G Subclass 4 A subclass of IgG antibodies. Elevated levels are associated with IgG4-related disease, a rare inflammatory condition that can affect multiple organs.
• Immunoglobulin M (IgM) The antibody class your body produces first in response to a new infection. Elevated levels often indicate a recent or acute infection.
• Indirect Bilirubin The form of bilirubin not yet processed by your liver, produced from the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Elevated levels can point to increased red blood cell breakdown or a liver processing problem.
• Insulin Measures your insulin level after fasting. Used together with glucose to assess insulin resistance and metabolic health.
• Insulin, 1st Specimen The first insulin measurement in an insulin response to glucose test, usually taken fasting before the glucose drink, providing a baseline for later samples.
• Insulin, 2nd Specimen The insulin level in the second timed blood sample of an insulin response to glucose test, showing how your pancreas responds after a glucose drink.
• Insulin, 3rd Specimen The insulin level in the third timed blood sample of an insulin response to glucose test, showing how your pancreas responds after a glucose drink.
• Insulin, 4th Specimen The insulin level in the fourth timed blood sample of an insulin response to glucose test, showing how your pancreas responds after a glucose drink.
• Insulin, 5th Specimen The insulin level in the fifth timed blood sample of an insulin response to glucose test, showing how your insulin response develops and settles after a glucose drink.
• Insulin, 6th Specimen The insulin level in the sixth timed blood sample of an insulin response to glucose test, showing how your insulin response settles after a glucose drink.
• Insulin, 7th Specimen The insulin level in the seventh timed blood sample of an extended insulin response to glucose test, showing how your insulin settles after a glucose drink.
• Insulin, 8th Specimen The insulin level in the eighth timed blood sample of an extended insulin response to glucose test, showing how your insulin settles after a glucose drink.
• Insulin, 8th Specimen (Post-Challenge) The insulin level in the eighth timed sample collected after the challenge drink in a nine-specimen insulin response to glucose test.